Mao and
Stalin’s Moscow Secret
Treaty
Following the
establishment of the
Chinese Communist regime
on October 1,
1949, Mao visited
Moscow on December
16 of the
same year, and
stayed there for
around two months.
During his visit,
he held marathon
meetings with Stalin
and other high-ranking
officials, discussed with
them the expansion
of communism throughout
Asia and the
rest of the
world and other
pending issues between
the two countries. As
a consequence, they
agreed on the
principle of dividing
responsibility for the
expansion of the
communist revolution, and on February 14, 1950, the
two countries strengthened
their political, economic,
and military relations
by promulgating major
agreements such as
the Sino-Soviet Treaty
of Friendship and
Alliance, Agreements on
Changch’ un railway,
Port Arthur and
Dairen, and loan
agreements. It was
revealed that Mao
and Stalin had
seriously discussed the
unification of the
Korean Peninsula by
Kim Il Sung’s
invasion of South
Korea and encouraged
Kim Il Sung
to trigger a
war. The Mao-Stalin
meetings served as
an important backdrop
for China’s later
entry into the
war.
At that
time the two
countries had pending
issues such as
boundary disputes and
the Soviet’s passive
attitude to ward
the Chinese Communists
during the Nationalist-Communist intra-war,
but such controversies
were overshadowed by
their common belief
in Marx-Leninism and
their sense of
the responsibility for
the proletarian revolution
in the new
international environment, when
the East-West cold
war structure was
being formed. Mao
and Stalin maintained
consolidated relations for
mutual defense.
The Chinese
Communists also faced
the necessity of
maintaining the dynamism
of the revolution.
Mao had the
ambition to elevate
China’s international position to
that of the
most powerful country
of the world.
China’s international position
was degraded by
its challenge against
the existing order,
and all of
this encouraged Communist
China to strengthen
its relationship with
the Soviet Union.
However, more the
direct cause was
the common concern
Mao and Stalin
about the US
threat. Stalin needed
China’s support in
the pan world
confrontation against the
United States, while
Mao and the
Chinese leaders liked
to the alliance
with the Soviets
not only to
counter the US
influences in South-East
Asia, but as the most
effective way to
defend against America’s
“aggressive ambitions of
the invasion” of
China.
In the
Sino-Soviet alliance treaty,
which was contracted
based on the
common concern, Mao
and Stalin resolved
that “the two
sides will make
every effort possible
to stop Japan’s
aggression and the
aggression of third
states which are
directly or indirectly
associated with Japan’s
act of aggression,
and in the
event of one
of the High
Contracting parties being
attacked by Japan
or state allied
with it and
thus involved in
a state of
war, the other
High Contracting Party
will immediately render
military and other
assistance with all
the means at
its disposal.
In an
agreement granting China
a loan, the
Soviet Union agreed
that it would
provide China with
$300 million at
an annual interest
rate of one
percent with the
understanding that the
money was largely
designed to cover
China’s purchase of
Soviet military equipment.
In this way
during the Moscow
meeting, Stalin guaranteed
Mao assistance for
the Chinese Communist
revolution and military
commitment for China’s
security.
During Mao’s
visit to the
Soviet Union, the
Chinese Communists ordered 586
planes from the
Soviet Union including 280
fighters, 198 bombers, and 108
training planes, and
before leaving Moscow,
Mao wrote to
Stalin to order
another 628 planes. Immediately
after the meeting,
from February 16 to
March 5, 1950, a mixed Soviet air-defense
division, following the
request of the
Chinese Communists moved
into Shanghai, Nanjin,
and Xuzhou to
take responsibility for
the air-defense of
these areas. China
had purchased the
aircraft to prepare
for the Taiwan
campaign and to
modernize the Chinese
Army, while depending
on the Soviets
for air-defense until
it secured its
own capabilities.
With the
conclusion of the
new Sino-Soviet alliance
treaty and the
Soviet military assistance,
which was aimed
against America from
China’s point of
view, Mao was
convinced that China
occupied a more
powerful position in
the face of
the long-range threat
from America. On
March 20 Chou En
Lai stressed in
an internal address
to the Foreign
Ministry that the
Sino-Soviet alliance treaty
made it less
likely that the
United Sates would
start a new
war of aggression
in East Asia.
One month later
in speech to
the sixth session
of the Chinese
People’s Government Council,
Mao further claimed
that with the
establishment of the
Sino-Soviet alliance, China’s
external position had
been strengthened. “If
the imperialists prepare
to attack us,
we already have
Soviet help.”
In this
meeting Mao also
managed to resolve
in China’s favor
such issues as
the Soviet Union
having priority in
treating the post-war
issues in Manchuria
according to the
Yalta Conference and
the conference between
the Chiang Kai
Shek government and
the Soviet Union
as compensation for
the Soviet’s participation
in the war
against Japan in
the Second World
War. Stalin agreed
to transfer the
Southern Manchurian railway
to China by
the end of
1952, and withdraw
the Soviet forces
from Port Arthur
following the signing
of a peace
treaty with Japan,
or no later
than the end
of 1952.
With the
signing of the
treaty and agreements
with the Soviets
in the fields
of ideology, politics,
and economy, but
significantly enhanced the
position of Communist
China which was
endeavoring to escape
from the old
order, and internally
it provided the
basis for unification
of the country
and post-war rehabilitation.
The American
policy makers understood
that the Sino-Soviet
alliance represented a
big blow to
America’s strategic interests
in the Far
East. The alliance
symbolized the failure
of ‘driving a
wedge’ into Chinese-Soviet relation,
a primary American
objective during 1949-50. Particularly,
the contracting of the Sino-Soviet
alliance treaty and
military assistance served
as the most
important backdrop for
the Chinese Communist
intervention in the
Korean War and
further escalation of the Sino-America
confrontation.
On the
other hand, since
Communist China and
the Soviet Union
conference took place
after the Korea-Soviet
meeting in Moscow
and the Korea
China meeting in
Peking in which
Kim Il Sung’s
invasion plan was
discussed, it is
quite probable that
Mao and Stalin
also discussed the
strategy of the
Korean War, but
it was kept
in secret and
remained as only
conjecture. However, it came to
light when Nikita
Khrushchev, the prime
minister of the
Soviet Union, revealed
in his memoirs
that “the Korean
War was not
the invasion of
north by South
Korea, but was
led by Kim Il Sung.
Stalin who received
Kim’s proposal gave
the final approval
for it, after
having heard Mao’s opinion as
to the possible
American counter-actions.” He
also added that
“Mao agreed with Kim’s proposal”
and related his
view that “The
Korean War would
be an intra-war
which should be
resolved by the
Korean people themselves,
and hence America
would not intervene
in it.
The memoirs,
which were published
first in the
early 1970s were then
shocking material that
supported the theory
of the invasion
of the South
as the origin
of the Korean
War, but because
of the absence
of back-up materials,
it could not
proven to be
true or false.
However, materials recently
provided by China
and the Soviet,
though their contents
contain certain ambiguities
and partial misrepresentation, proved
that Mao, Stalin,
and Kim had
discussed the in
invasion plan.
According to
Soviet Foreign Ministry
documents declassified in
1994,
Mao committed the support for North Korea in the meeting with Kim Il in May 1949, but made it clear that he would take action only after Stalin’s approval. Kim Il Sung, on the other hand, requested his visit to Stalin through. Shtykov while the China-Soviet conference in Moscow was going on: I would like to meet Stalin and consult with him about the invasion plan of the South If it is not possible at this time, I will meet Mao upon his return from Moscow, as he certainly will have received instructions about all the matters at the meeting in Moscow.” Kim’s remarks back up the theory that Mao and Stalin discussed Korean Peninsula issues in Moscow.
Mao committed the support for North Korea in the meeting with Kim Il in May 1949, but made it clear that he would take action only after Stalin’s approval. Kim Il Sung, on the other hand, requested his visit to Stalin through. Shtykov while the China-Soviet conference in Moscow was going on: I would like to meet Stalin and consult with him about the invasion plan of the South If it is not possible at this time, I will meet Mao upon his return from Moscow, as he certainly will have received instructions about all the matters at the meeting in Moscow.” Kim’s remarks back up the theory that Mao and Stalin discussed Korean Peninsula issues in Moscow.
In
particular, Shi Zhe,
who accompanied Mao
to Moscow as
and interpreter and
attended the Mao-Stalin
meeting, during a
dialogue with Chen
Jian in 1992
disclosed details about the
talks between Mao
and Stalin the
Kim Il Sung’s
invasion plan.
While Mao
was in Moscow,
he and Stalin
discussed Kim Il
Sung’s plan of
the unification of
the Korean Peninsula.
Stalin told Mao:
“Kim brought me
the plan. I
asked him if
there existed any
condition unfavorable to his plan
such as the
American’s intervening. Kim
was in high
spirits. He will
only listen to
the voices for
his idea, not
the voices against
his spirits. He
was really young
and brave.” Then
Stalin asked Chairman
Mao’s opinion of
Kim’s plan, especially
if he thought
the Americans would
intervene. Chairman Mao
did not reply
immediately. After a
while, he said
“The Americans might
not come in
because that is
Korea’s internal affair,
but the Korean
comrades need to
take America’s intervention
into account.”
As Khrushchev’s
and Shi’s recollections
indicate, at the
Moscow conference Mao and Stalin
discussed thoroughly the
communization plan of
the Korean Peninsula,
that is, Kim’s
invasion plan, particularly
in connection with
America’s intervention. At
that time both
sides believed, as
was disclosed at the Stalin-Kim
and Mao-Kim meetings
which were to
take place soon,
that North Korea
could achieve victory
without direct outside
military assistance. In
the eventuality of
America’s entry in
the war, it
seems they reached
the agreement that
the Chinese Communists
should intervene in
the war under
Soviet support. According
to the division
of the responsibility for
world communization, Mao
and Stalin stipulated
North Korea’s communization
of the Korean Peninsula
by force to
be the Communist
China and North
Korea joint task.
In this sense,
the Moscow conference
constituted and important
milestone for the
Chinese Communists entry
into the Korean
War.
BIBLIOGRAPHY : KOREA INSTITUTE OF MILITARY HISTORY
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
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